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htmlText_05C296DF_1C93_07D3_419D_6B371D8F0D03.html = Air-conditioning is a widespread feature of building engineering, designed to make the occupants feel comfortable and at ease.
The main functions of an air-conditioning system include heating and cooling, and humidifying and dehumidifying in order to create the desired indoor air conditions.
Cooling in traditional AC systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses the forced circulation and phase change of a refrigerant between gas and liquid to transfer heat.
The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a variable refrigerant flow terminal or fan coil unit) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment on its condenser side.
The components that are commonly found in an industrial or commercial air conditioning unit, include a fan, a heater, a cooler, a humidifier, a de-humidifier (may be in conjunction with cooler) and a filter.
Air-conditioning is a widespread feature of building engineering, designed to make the occupants feel comfortable and at ease.
The main functions of an air-conditioning system include heating and cooling, and humidifying and dehumidifying in order to create the desired indoor air conditions.
Cooling in traditional AC systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses the forced circulation and phase change of a refrigerant between gas and liquid to transfer heat.
The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a variable refrigerant flow terminal or fan coil unit) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment on its condenser side.
The components that are commonly found in an industrial or commercial air conditioning unit, include a fan, a heater, a cooler, a humidifier, a de-humidifier (may be in conjunction with cooler) and a filter.
Controlling the temperature of industrial processes is extremely important, and you must ensure that raw materials are always heated, cooled, chilled or reheated properly to minimise the risk of failure in products.
The PCT52 Temperature Control Process consists of a variable speed fan below a heater with radial fins at the base of a vertical clear acrylic duct, together with an electrical connection box, mounted on a common base plate.
Demonstration of the chemical potential energy in Hydrogen gas, and the harvesting of this energy into electricity via fuel cells.
A full balloon of hydrogen will be ignited. Up to three Hydrogen fuel cells will be supplied sequentially with a flow of hydrogen to power electrical items.
Distillation Column is one of the unit operations of Chemical Engineering, which has always been, and will continue to be, one of the most important industrial processes for separating the different components of a liquid mixture, based on the differences in volatilities.
It’s widely used in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids have to be distilled. Such industries are the petroleum processing, petrochemical production, natural gas processing, coal tar processing, brewing, liquefied air separation and hydrocarbon solvents production and similar industries but it finds its widest application in petroleum refiners.
The 50mm diameter sieve plate column is made up of two glass sections and each containing four sieve plates. The column is insulated to minimise heat loss. Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of upflowing vapours thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation tower. The more reflux and/or more trays provided, the better is the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials.
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two or more media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium through a heat conducting partition.
Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators (media: water/air), oil coolers (media: oil/air or water) and cooling coils in refrigerators (media: air/refrigerant).
Conducting mass and energy balance audits- essentially accounting for all the mass and energy flows in and out of a system – is a common activity for process engineers.
In this experiment you’ll perform an experimental energy balance over a lab‐scale double pipe heat exchanger. Double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the simplest types of heat exchangers. It is called a double-pipe exchanger because one fluid flows inside a pipe and the other fluid flows between that pipe and another pipe that surrounds the first.
Flow in a double-pipe heat exchanger can be co-current or counter-current. There are two flow configurations: co-current is when the flow of the two streams is in the same direction, counter current is when the flow of the streams is in opposite directions. Current rig uses water for both sides.
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two or more media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium through a heat conducting partition.
Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators (media: water/air), oil coolers (media: oil/air or water) and cooling coils in refrigerators (media: air/refrigerant).
Conducting mass and energy balance audits- essentially accounting for all the mass and energy flows in and out of a system – is a common activity for process engineers.
The Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Model: HE 668) has been designed to familiarize students with the operation of heat exchangers and to collect the necessary experimental data for the calculation of heat losses, heat transfer coefficient, log mean temperature difference, etc. Students will also be able to study the effect of flow rate on the heat transfer rate.
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two or more media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium through a heat conducting partition.
Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators (media: water/air), oil coolers (media: oil/air or water) and cooling coils in refrigerators (media: air/refrigerant). Conducting mass and energy balance audits- essentially accounting for all the mass and energy flows in and out of a system – is a common activity for process engineers.
The SOLTEQ® Plate Heat Exchanger Apparatus (Model: HE104 P) has been designed specifically to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchangers in the most convenient way possible in the laboratory classroom.
The equipment consists of a plate heat exchanger mounted on a support frame. The external surface of the piping is insulated. Four temperature measuring devices are installed in both the inside and outside tubes to measure the fluid temperatures accurately. Valves are incorporated in each of the two streams to regulate the flow. The flow rates are measured using independent flowmeters installed in each line. The hot water system is totally self-contained.
Heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and convection, whether free or forced, forms the basis of most industrial heaters and related equipment.
The measurement and prediction of heat transfer coefficients for such circumstances is achieved in the Armfield apparatus by studying the temperature profiles and heat flux in an air duct with associated flat and extended transfer surfaces. Free and forced convection can be found for example in: Air conditioning, Central heating, Steam turbines, Heat exchangers, Aerodynamic heating using propellers in a fluid, Car radiator using fluid, Blood circulation in warm bloodied animals, and a convection oven.
The vertical duct is constructed so that the air temperature and velocity can be readily measured, and a variety of “plug-in” modules of heated solid surfaces of known dimensions can be presented to the air stream for detailed study. A fan situated at the base of the duct provides the air stream for forced convection experiments. Air velocity is measured with an air velocity sensor mounted on the duct.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, a reactor is the key item of equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products. The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products. Understanding non-steady behaviour of process equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic control systems. One particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor. In this reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of the system.
The SOLTLEQ® Bench Top CSTR in Series (Model BP 107) has been designed to demonstrate the dynamics of the simplest classic case of a well-mixed, multi-staged process operation.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, a reactor is the key item of equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products. Understanding non-steady behaviour of process equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic control systems.
One particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor. In this reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of the system.
The SOLTLEQ® Bench Top CSTR in Series (Model BP 107) has been designed to demonstrate the dynamics of the simplest classic case of a well-mixed, multi-staged process operation.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, a reactor is the key item of equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products. Understanding non-steady behaviour of process equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic control systems.
One particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor. In this reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of the system.
The SOLTLEQ® Bench Top CSTR in Series (Model BP 107) has been designed to demonstrate the dynamics of the simplest classic case of a well-mixed, multi-staged process operation.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, a reactor is the key item of equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products. Understanding non-steady behaviour of process equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic control systems.
One particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor. In this reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of the system.
The SOLTLEQ® Bench Top CSTR in Series (Model BP 107) has been designed to demonstrate the dynamics of the simplest classic case of a well-mixed, multi-staged process operation.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, a reactor is the key item of equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products.
Understanding non-steady behaviour of process equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic control systems.
One particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor. In this reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of the system.
This setup is used to demonstrate the dynamics of the simplest classic case of a well-mixed, multi-staged process operation.
Students may select either step change input or pulse input to the reactor and will continuously monitor the responses in each reactor at a suitable interval. Based on the experimental data students will be able to determine the mean residence time (tm), the variance (σ2) and the skewness (S3) of the residence time distribution (RTD) function.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, reactor is the key equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of an industrial process. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products.
Understanding the behaviour of how reactors function is necessary for the proper design, control and handling of a reaction system. Two main types of reactors are batch reactor and continuous flow reactor.
The SOLTEQ® Batch Reactor (Model: BP 109) has been designed for students’ experiments on chemical reactions in liquid phase under isothermal and adiabatic conditions.
The unit comes complete with a glass reactor, constant temperature water circulating unit, temperature and conductivity measurements, and Data Acquisition System (DAS). Student shall be able to conduct the typical saponification reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, reactor is the key equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of an industrial process. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products.
Understanding the behaviour of how reactors function is necessary for the proper design, control and handling of a reaction system. Two main types of reactors are batch reactor and continuous flow reactor.
The SOLTEQ® Batch Reactor (Model: BP 109) has been designed for students’ experiments on chemical reactions in liquid phase under isothermal and adiabatic conditions.
The unit comes complete with a glass reactor, constant temperature water circulating unit, temperature and conductivity measurements, and Data Acquisition System (DAS).
Student shall be able to conduct the typical saponification reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, reactor is the key item of equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products.
Understanding non-steady behaviour of process equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic reaction control systems. One particular type of process equipment is the tubular reactor.
In this reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of the system.
The SOLTEQ® RTD Studies in Packed Bed Reactor (Model: BP 112) has been designed for students experiment on residence time distribution (RTD) in a packed bed reactor.
The unit consists of mainly a vertical glass column packed with glass Raschig rings. Sump tanks and circulation pumps are provided as well as instruments to measure concentration of the tracer passing through the column.
Students may select either step change input or impulse input to the reactor and will continuously monitor the responses in the reactor at a suitable interval.
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, the reactor is the key equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products.
The design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of an industrial process. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products.
Understanding the behaviour of how reactors function is necessary for the proper control and handling of a reaction system. Basically, there are two main groups of reactors, batch reactors and continuous flow reactors.
The SOLTEQ® Tubular Flow Reactor (Model: BP 101) has been designed for students’ experiments on chemical reactions in liquid phase under isothermal and adiabatic conditions.
The unit comes complete with a jacketed plug flow reactor, individual reactant feed tanks and pumps, temperature sensors, conductivity measuring sensor and data acquisition system (DAS).
The reactor will enable students to conduct the typical saponification reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide among other types of reaction.
Furthermore, the study of transient behaviour in the plug flow reactor can be carried out by injection of a tracer such as a salt solution at the reactor inlet.
Conductivity measurements at the reactor outlet will determine the progression of the tracer throughout the reactor.
Knowledge of the evaporation process is an essential requirement for the design and construction of steam generators.
The evaporation process on heated pipes as occurs, for example, in radiator tank boilers can be shown with the test rig WL 220 Boiling Heat Transfer Unit with PC-supported measured data acquisition.
The different phases of boiling which occur on a smoke gas tube can particularly be seen here. The various boiling forms are illustrated and the fundamentals of heat transfer can be clarified. It is also possible to experimentally investigate the influence of parameters such as temperature or pressure on the evaporation process. The evaporation process occurs in a glass cylinder.
The test rig is operated with a low-boiling, non-toxic evaporation fluid, so that the pressure and temperature levels are low and therefore not dangerous. The heating output is low due to the low evaporation heat
Level Control
The concepts of closed-loop control, including on/off control, proportional control, proportional/integral and proportional/integral/derivative (PID) control can be explored and demonstrated.
The Level Controller is a highly visible and easy to understand water level control process. It comprises two clear acrylic tanks; a process tank mounted above a sump tank. Water is pumped up to the process tank and drains back to the sump tank via two valves, one manually variable and the other switched by software.
A wide range of control scenarios can be set up, including two fundamentally different processes, i.e.: Level control by proportionally varying pump speed (inflow control), and Level control by the time-proportioned opening of a solenoid valve (outflow control).
Flow Control
The Flow Controller is a visible and easy to understand water flow control process. Water stored in the sump tank is pumped through a parallel pipe arrangement mounted on the lid of the tank and returns to the tank via two outlets, a software switched divert valve prior to the flowmeter and a manually operated variable valve after the flowmeter. Both outlets also incorporate interchangeable orifices to vary their characteristics.
The flow controller demonstrates flow control by varying pump speed. Repeatable disturbances can be implemented using the solenoid valve and a wide range of different control investigations can be implemented using the interchangeable orifices and adjustable valves.
It is an ideal system for demonstrating the onset of instability, the importance of filtering on the sensor output, and the trade-off between filter weighting and proportional gain on stability.
The Armfield CEU catalytic reactor demonstrates the principles of packed bed catalysis.
In such a system the catalyst is immobilized on porous spherical particles (support matrix) that are retained within the reactor. Feed material is pumped into the reactor where it mixes with the immobilized catalyst which leads to product formation. The product, which is soluble, passes out of the bottom of the reactors.
An advantage of this type of reactor compared to alternative designs such as the stirred tank and tubular reactor is that the need for an additional stage to separate the catalyst from the product is removed.
With this design re-use of what is often an expensive catalyst is simple. Additionally, this approach lends itself to continuous operation.
The Armfield Process Plant Trainer is a miniature version of a real industrial process, having typical problems of dynamics and stability for which control strategies have to be devised and operated.
The following process characteristics are incorporated:
Multiple inputs and outputs Presence of dead time Recycling to minimise energy needs Alarms with corrective actions Operational sequencing from start up to shut down
The trainer allows the user to investigate various control techniques associated with process plant. These techniques range progressively from single-loop analogue control through to multi-loop PLC systems and ultimately to distributed supervisory control of the whole process by a remotely located PC station. The Process Plant Trainer incorporates an electrical console which provides access to the various signals associated with measurement and control of the process allowing a variety of control possibilities:
• Manual operation
• Data logging using a PC or chart recorder
• Manual control via a PC, using a mimic diagram
• Direct digital control using a PC
• Use of industrial, PID or programmable controllers
• Use of customer-provided controllers
• Use of serial communications for supervisory control of individual controllers
The CEXC Chemical reactors teaching unit provides the services required to run the various reactor types.
It includes; a hot water re-circulator used to control the temperature of the reactions, glass feed vessels for the reactants, two peristaltic pumps to pump the reagents to the reactors, computer software for data logging, sensors and instrumentation.
The CEXC is fully computer controlled, supplied with software to allow the user to; vary the feed pump speeds and flow rates, vary the heater power in the hot water, implement a PID control loop ensuring stable temperatures, switch on and off the hot water pump and to control the speed of the stirrers used on some of the reactors.
Instrumentation for temperature and conductivity measurements is also supplied and these values are displayed on the computer screen. Two ‘K’ type thermocouples are included; one for the hot water and one for the reactor contents.
The CEXC Chemical reactors teaching unit provides the services required to run the various reactor types. It includes; a hot water re-circulator used to control the temperature of the reactions, glass feed vessels for the reactants, two peristaltic pumps to pump the reagents to the reactors, computer software for data logging, sensors and instrumentation.
The CEXC is fully computer controlled, supplied with software to allow the user to; vary the feed pump speeds and flow rates, vary the heater power in the hot water, implement a PID control loop ensuring stable temperatures, switch on and off the hot water pump and to control the speed of the stirrers used on some of the reactors.
Instrumentation for temperature and conductivity measurements is also supplied and these values are displayed on the computer screen. Two ‘K’ type thermocouples are included; one for the hot water and one for the reactor contents.
The CEXC Chemical reactors teaching unit provides the services required to run the various reactor types. It includes; a hot water re-circulator used to control the temperature of the reactions, glass feed vessels for the reactants, two peristaltic pumps to pump the reagents to the reactors, computer software for data logging, sensors and instrumentation.
The CEXC is fully computer controlled, supplied with software to allow the user to; vary the feed pump speeds and flow rates, vary the heater power in the hot water, implement a PID control loop ensuring stable temperatures, switch on and off the hot water pump and to control the speed of the stirrers used on some of the reactors.
Instrumentation for temperature and conductivity measurements is also supplied and these values are displayed on the computer screen. Two ‘K’ type thermocouples are included; one for the hot water and one for the reactor contents.
The SOLTEQ® pH Control Trainer (Model: SE405) is made of industrial graded instrumentation and designed to exhibit a realistic working environment of standard industrial pH control loop.
It is used to demonstrate as well as give the student a hands on experience on how a pH loop can be controlled using a microprocessor based controller.
The WL 362 Thermal Radiation Unit is intended for the investigation of radiation laws using thermal and optical radiation as examples.
The unit has a heat source, in the form of a blackbody radiator, and a thermopile that measures the intensity of the radiation. It also has a light source, a luxmeter to measure illuminance, and thermocouples to measure temperatures.
Furthermore, colour filters and an aperture are supplied for observing the effect of coloured light on the illuminance. In order to be able to study Kirchhoff’s laws, various absorption plates complete with thermocouples are also provided.
All the components can be easily mounted on a frame. With the aid of the data acquisition card and software provided (only WL 362) , the values measured can be fed to a PC and evaluated.
The cross flow heat exchanger is commonly used in applications such as air conditioning where heated or chilled liquid is used to heat or cool air indirectly without contact between the liquid and air streams.
This type of exchanger consists of metal tube containing liquid which flows perpendicular to the air stream.
In normal operation hot water is fed into the system through a plastic pipe and is conducted to the radiator or heater. The water is conducted through the radiator by passing within small compartments or so called flat- tubes and leaves the radiator from a lateral outlet point.
Meanwhile, air at ambient room temperature is drawn over the heat exchanger by an axial fan which is located inside the duct so called air chamber. Air passes perpendicular through the heater and then exits the duct. The contact of hot water and ambient temperature air allows heat exchange between these two fluids and our study on a cross flow system.
The cross flow heat exchanger is commonly used in applications such as air conditioning where heated or chilled liquid is used to heat or cool air indirectly without contact between the liquid and air streams.
This type of exchanger consists of metal tube containing liquid which flows perpendicular to the air stream.
In normal operation hot water is fed into the system through a plastic pipe and is conducted to the radiator or heater. The water is conducted through the radiator by passing within small compartments or so called flat- tubes and leaves the radiator from a lateral outlet point.
Meanwhile, air at ambient room temperature is drawn over the heat exchanger by an axial fan which is located inside the duct so called air chamber. Air passes perpendicular through the heater and then exits the duct. The contact of hot water and ambient temperature air allows heat exchange between these two fluids and our study on a cross flow system.
The extraction of the soluble components of coffee beans is an everyday process that happens in many cafes. In Chemical Engineering, we call this type of process leaching which is demonstrated by a simple experiment.
In this simple demonstration, you can see the cold extraction of coffee using the same coffee beans that are ground for three different lengths of time. This simply involves ice cold water dripping slowly onto the grinds and their supporting filter paper. If you look closely, you can see that the difference in particle size of the grinds has resulted in a subtle change in color intensity. Naturally the flavour is also affected, this can be indirectly observed through the measurement of properties such as pH (acidity) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS, or the amount of soluble matter – i.e. coffee in solution).
The main reason for controlling pressure in industrial applications is safety. Many industrial applications make use of dangerous gases and liquids, therefore maintaining a controlled pressure to avoid leakage or even explosion is imperative.
The SOLTEQ® Pressure Control Trainer (Model: SE401) is made of industrial graded instrumentation and designed to exhibit a realistic working environment of standard industrial pressure control loop.
It is used to demonstrate as well as give the student a hands-on experience on how a pressure loop can be controlled using a microprocessor based controller.
The removal of one or more selected components from a mixture of gases by absorption into a liquid is a major operation in Chemical Engineering based on interphase mass transfer controlled largely by rates of diffusion.
This process is applied in most industries e.g. Oil & gas industry (natural gas dehydration, sour gas sweetening - removal of H2S), Chemical industry (chlorine drying), Food processing industry (deodorising water - using the stripping process) and waste management treatment and pollution control industry.
Armfield Gas Absorption Column, the absorption of gas takes place in a packed tower with the two fluids flowing counter currently which enables the transfer of a component from one phase to another. A gas phase consisting of CO2 and air is introduced into the bottom of the packed column. A sample of the gas mixture is sent to a CO2 concentration sensor located inside the electric console, and readings of flows and CO2 percentage concentration are seen on the display.
For the liquid phase, water (or a solution of sodium hydroxide) is pumped to the top of the column where it falls through the packing material. The contact of the two phases is in counter-current operation and enhances the mixing and diffusion of CO2 in the liquid phase at the conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The outlet gas leaves the system from the top of the column. A sample of the outlet gas mixture is also taken and sent to the CO2 sensor located inside the console. Reading of CO2 concentration is shown on the console's display. The outlet liquid leaves the system from the bottom of the column and returns to the water tank.
Samples of the liquid phase entering and exiting the system can easily be taken for further analysis.
Desorption of the CO2 absorbed in the water line is obtained by aeration of the 'charged' liquid.
Precise knowledge of vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for fluid mixtures such as hydrocarbons and refrigerants is vital in the design and simulation of the new processing systems.
This SOLTEQ® Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Unit has been designed for teaching, training and research purposes on vapour liquid equilibrium. The unit is suitable for investigating the relationship between vapour and liquid at equilibrium for different mixtures. It mainly consists of an evaporator, immersion heater, condenser and product coolers.
Instruments are provided for the measurement of the evaporator’s pressure and temperature while provisions are also given for both liquid and vapour sampling.